The Control Panel's dashboard may contain any number of widgets. A widget is simply a box that shows something. That something might be anything from a list of recently updated entries, to a randomized inspiration quote, and anything in between.
Statamic comes bundled with a handful of widgets, however you may also create your own or use ones created by others.
Configuration
Widgets can be added to the dashboard by modifying the widgets array in the config/statamic/cp.php
file.
Each item in the array should specify the widget as the type, plus any widget-specific configuration values.
You may use the same widget multiple times, configured in different ways.
Available Widgets
Check out the list of available widgets include in Statamic Core.